Secondary Copper Production
Recycled copper accounts for ~30% of global production. Sources include e-waste, industrial scrap and end-of-life products.
Scrap Processing
Classification by grade, mechanical shredding and automated sorting (X-ray, optical) improve efficiency.
Hydrometallurgical Recovery
Acid leching followed by SX-EW produces high-purity copper cathode from scrap. Uses 85% less energy than primary production.